Each of the following passages is from the beginning of short stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald in Flappers and Philosophers, originally published in 1920.

Text 1
About half-way between the Florida shore and the golden collar a white steam-yacht, very young and graceful, was riding at anchor and under a blue-and-white awning aft a yellow-haired girl reclined in a wicker settee reading The Revolt of the Angels, by Anatole France. She was about nineteen, slender and supple, with a spoiled alluring mouth and quick gray eyes full of a radiant curiosity. Her feet, stockingless, and adorned rather than clad in bluesatin slippers which swung nonchalantly from her toes, were perched on the arm of a settee adjoining the one she occupied.

Text 2
Up in her bedroom window Sally Carrol Happer rested her nineteen-year-old chin on a fifty-two-year-old sill and watched Clark Darrow’s ancient Ford turn the corner … Sally Carrol gazed down sleepily. She started to yawn, but finding this quite impossible unless she raised her chin from the windowsill, changed her mind and continued silently to regard the car, whose owner sat brilliantly if perfunctorily at attention as he waited for an
answer to his signal. After a moment the whistle once more split the dusty air.

Which of the following words best describes both girls as they are portrayed in Text 1 and Text 2?

Each of the following passages is from the beginning of short stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald in Flappers and Philosophers, originally published in  1920.

Text 1
The second half-lemon was well-nigh pulpless and the golden collar had grown astonishing in width, when suddenly the drowsy silence which enveloped the yacht was broken by the sound of heavy footsteps and an elderly man topped with orderly gray hair and clad in a white-flannel suit appeared at the head of the companionway. There he paused for a moment until his eyes became accustomed to the sun, and then seeing the girl under the awning he uttered a long even grunt of disapproval. If he had intended thereby to obtain a rise of any sort he was doomed to  disappointment. The girl calmly turned over two pages, turned back one, raised the lemon mechanically to tasting distance, and then very faintly but quite unmistakably yawned.

Text 2
Up in her bedroom window Sally Carrol Happer rested her nineteen-year-old chin on a fifty-two-year-old sill and watched Clark Darrow’s ancient Ford turn the corner. The car was hot—being partly metallic it retained all the heat it absorbed or evolved—and Clark Darrow sitting bolt upright at the wheel wore a pained, strained expression as though he considered himself a spare part, and rather likely to break. He laboriously crossed two
dust ruts, the wheels squeaking indignantly at the encounter, and then with a terrifying expression he gave the steering-gear a final wrench and deposited self and car approximately in front of the Happer steps. There was a heaving sound, a deathrattle, followed by a short silence; and then the air was rent by a startling whistle.

In both Text 1 and Text 2, the arrival of a male character

Each of the following passages is from the beginning of short stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald in Flappers and Philosophers, originally published in 1920.

Text 1
This unlikely story begins on a sea that was a blue dream, as colorful as blue-silk stockings, and beneath a sky as blue as the irises of children’s eyes. From the western half of the sky the sun was shying little golden disks at the sea—if you gazed intently enough you could see them skip from wave tip to wave tip until they joined a broad collar of golden coin that was collecting half a mile out and would eventually be a dazzling sunset.

Text 2
The sunlight dripped over the house like golden paint over an art jar, and the freckling shadows here and there only intensified the rigor of the bath of light. The Butterworth and Larkin houses flanking were entrenched behind great stodgy trees; only the Happer house took the full sun, and all day long faced the dusty road-street with a tolerant kindly patience. This was the city of Tarleton in southernmost Georgia, September afternoon.

What do these two narrative texts have in common?

Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” copyright © 1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, “Do Civilizations Hold?” copyright © 1993 by Albert L. Weeks.

Text 1
Civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world will be shaped in large measure by the interactions among seven or eight major civilizations. These include Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American, and possibly African civilization. The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another. Why will this be the case?

Text 2
Huntington’s classification identifies determinants on a grand scale by “civilizations.” His endeavor, however, has its fault lines. The lines are the borders encompassing each distinct nation-state and mercilessly chopping the alleged civilizations into pieces. With the cultural and religious glue of these “civilizations” thin and cracked, with the nation-state’s political regime providing the principal bonds, crisscross fracturing and cancellation of Huntington’s macro-scale, somewhat anachronistic fault lines are inevitable.

How does the author of Text 2’s use of the term “fault lines” differ from that of the author of Text 1?

Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” copyright © 1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, “Do Civilizations Hold?” copyright © 1993 by Albert L. Weeks.

Text 1
First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion… . They are far more fundamental than differences among political ideologies and political regimes. Differences do not necessarily mean conflict, and conflict does not necessarily mean violence. Over the centuries, however, differences among civilizations have generated the most prolonged and the most violent conflicts.

Text 2
Huntington’s classification identifies determinants on a grand scale by “civilizations.” His endeavor, however, has its fault lines. The lines are the borders encompassing each distinct nation-state and mercilessly chopping the alleged civilizations into pieces. With the cultural and religious glue of these “civilizations” thin and cracked, with the nation-state’s political regime providing the principal bonds, crisscross fracturing and  cancellation of Huntington’s macro-scale, somewhat anachronistic fault lines are inevitable.

Based on these two selections, which of the authors would agree with this statement: “Most people in the world identify more strongly with the religion they profess than with the political party to which they belong”?

Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” copyright © 1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, “Do Civilizations Hold?” copyright © 1993 by Albert L. Weeks.

Text 1
First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion. The people of different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husband and wife, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy. These differences are the product of centuries. They will not soon  disappear. They are far more fundamental than differences among political ideologies and political regimes. Differences do not necessarily mean conflict, and conflict does not necessarily mean violence. Over the centuries, however, differences among civilizations have generated the most prolonged and the most violent conflicts.

Text 2
The world remains fractured along political and possibly geopolitical lines; cultural and historical determinants are a great deal less vital and  virulent. Politics, regimes, and ideologies are culturally, historically, and “civilizationally” determined to an extent. But it is willful, day-to-day, crisis-to-crisis, war-to-war political decision-making by nation-state units that remains the single most identifiable determinant of events in the
international arena. How else can we explain repeated nation-state “defections” from their collective “civilizations”? As Huntington himself points out, in the Persian Gulf War “one Arab state invaded another and then fought a coalition of Arab, Western, and other states.”

What would the author of Text 1 most likely consider to be the most significant implication of the underlined statement that places it in direct opposition to the opinions of the author of Text 2?

Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” copyright © 1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, “Do Civilizations Hold?” copyright © 1993 by Albert L. Weeks.

Text 1
Civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world will be shaped in large measure by the interactions among seven or eight major civilizations… . The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another. Why will this be the case? First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from
each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion… . Second, the world is becoming a smaller place. The interactions between peoples of different civilizations are increasing; these increasing interactions intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations… . Third, the processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from longstanding local identities. They also weaken the nation-state as a source of identity… . Fourth, the growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, however, and perhaps as a result, a return to the roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations.

Text 2
But it is willful, day-to-day, crisis-to-crisis, war-to-war political decision-making by nation-state units that remains the single most identifiable determinant of events in the international arena. How else can we explain repeated nation-state “defections” from their collective “civilizations”? As Huntington himself points out, in the Persian Gulf War “one Arab state invaded another and then fought a coalition of Arab, Western, and
other states.”

The author of Text 1 would be most likely to respond to the example of the Persian Gulf War cited in Text 2 by saying that

Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” copyright © 1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, “Do Civilizations Hold?” copyright © 1993 by Albert L. Weeks.

Text 1
Civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world be shaped in large measure by the interactions among seven or eight major civilizations.

Text 2
Huntington’s classification identifies determinants on a grand scale by “civilizations.” His endeavor, however, has its fault lines. The lines are the borders encompassing each distinct nation-state and mercilessly chopping the alleged civilizations into pieces.

The author of Text 2 most likely put quotation marks around the word civilizations to

Text 1 is from “Sustainability and Renewable Resources” by Steven Hayward, Ph.D., Elizabeth Fowler, and Laura Steadman, copyright © 2000 by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Midland, Michigan. Text 2 is from OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency (2000), “Nuclear Energy in a Sustainable Development Perspective,” www.oecdnea.org/sd.

Text 1
[A] river system can be dedicated to a variety of purposes: power generation, drinking water, irrigation, industrial use, sport and commercial fishing, recreation in various forms such as rafting and canoeing, swimming, sailing or motor-boating on lakes and reservoirs, scenery for hikers and campers, sites for resorts or cottages, or pure wilderness. Once dedicated, it cannot be used again without disturbing the constituencies that use its features and whose property values depend on them. Some of these uses may degrade the quality of the water, or spoil it for other uses. In some cases, so much water is withdrawn for various uses that not much reaches the sea or ocean—the Nile and the Colorado are in this condition at times. This in turn can have an impact on coastal currents and water quality, salinity of water in the delta, etc.

Text 2
Groundwater resources in the U.S., for instance, are often overused because of subsidies, a lack of tradable rights to water (“use it or lose it”), and a lack of clear property rights to water tables. Overfishing in the oceans provides a better example. It is easy to imagine that cattle might be scarce, just as buffalo became scarce, if they were owned in common and were taken from one vast domain, rather than being privately owned on separate ranches.While the exact analogue to barbed wire for fishing grounds in the ocean may be hard to conceive, assigning ownership rights to the ocean should not be much more difficult than assigning ownership rights to the radio frequency spectrum, as is currently being done throughout the world.

Text 1 and Text 2 are similar in that they both

Text 1 is from “Sustainability and Renewable Resources” by Steven Hayward, Ph.D., Elizabeth Fowler, and Laura Steadman, copyright © 2000 by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Midland, Michigan. Text 2 is from OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency (2000), “Nuclear Energy in a Sustainable Development Perspective,” www.oecdnea.org/sd.

Text 1
Renewable resources, including air, water, and land, are subject to pressures for different uses, which may be incompatible. Air and water are particularly susceptible to pollutants because of the ease with which they can be used as open-access resources for receiving and disseminating waste. Habitat for plant and animal species may be very sensitive to environmental impacts, and easily destroyed. For example, a river system can be dedicated to a variety of purposes: power generation, drinking water, irrigation, industrial use, sport and commercial fishing, recreation in various forms such as rafting and canoeing, swimming, sailing or motor-boating on lakes and reservoirs, scenery for hikers and campers, sites for resorts or cottages, or pure wilderness. Once dedicated, it cannot be used again without disturbing the constituencies that use its features and
whose property values depend on them. Some of these uses may degrade the quality of the water or spoil it for other uses.

Text 2
It is easy to imagine that cattle might be scarce, just as buffalo became scarce, if they were owned in common and were taken from one vast domain, rather than being privately owned on separate ranches. While the exact analogue to barbed wire for fishing grounds in the ocean may be hard to conceive, assigning ownership rights to the ocean should not be much more difficult than assigning ownership rights to the radio  requency
spectrum, as is currently being done throughout the world.

What comment would the author of Text 1 most likely make about the suggestion in Text 2 that ownership rights to the ocean could be assigned?

Text 1 is from “Sustainability and Renewable Resources” by Steven Hayward, Ph.D., Elizabeth Fowler, and Laura Steadman, copyright © 2000 by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Midland, Michigan. Text 2 is from OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency (2000), “Nuclear Energy
in a Sustainable Development Perspective,” www.oecdnea.org/sd.

Text 1
Habitat for plant and animal species may be very sensitive to environmental impacts, and easily destroyed. Thus renewable resources should be seen as finite and vulnerable to pressures… . Policy for renewable resources, including pricing policy, should reflect their scarcity value, multiple uses, and susceptibility to degradation or irreversible loss.

Text 2
There is much enthusiasm for “getting the incentives right.” This produces nods of agreement on the general level, and furious disagreement about its specific application. “Getting the incentives right” should mean chiefly assigning property rights to environmental goods, rather than using government power to set the “correct price” for the use of a commonly held environmental good. Any so-called “market-based incentive” policy that involves government setting the “correct price” to establish a “level playing field” is inherently flawed, because it misunderstands the nature of markets and prices. The government will always lack the necessary knowledge to set the “right” price, and such policies will usually introduce new distortions into the marketplace that will likely be counterproductive and wasteful of resources.

Which of the following best describes a fundamental difference of opinion between the two authors?

Text 1 is from “Hotspots: Mantle Thermal Plumes” in This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics by Jacqueline Kious and Robert I. Tilling, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996. Text 2 is from “Scientists Locate Deep Origins of Hawaiian Hotspots,” press release 09-232, December 3, 2009, National Science Foundation.

Text 1
The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near tectonic plate boundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands, which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How do the Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of plates fit into the plate-tectonics picture? In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the “hotspot” theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such as Hawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This could only happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionally hot regions—called hotspots—existed below the plates that would provide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) to sustain volcanism.

Text 2
The Hawaiian Islands are one of the outstanding volcanic features on Earth, but their origins have been shrouded in mystery. Still in debate has been a theory proposed 40 years ago, which states that mid-tectonic plate hotspots such as Hawaii are generated by upwelling plumes of lava from the base of Earth’s lower mantle. A team of scientists put the theory to the test. They deployed a large network of sea-floor seismometers in Hawaii, through an expedition called the Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Melt Experiment (PLUME), opening up a window into the Earth. PLUME allowed scientists to obtain the best picture yet of a mantle plume originating from the lower mantle and revealed Hawaii’s deep roots.

Which best describes the relationship between Text 1 and Text 2?

Text 1 is from “Hotspots: Mantle Thermal Plumes” in This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics by Jacqueline Kious and Robert I. Tilling, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996. Text 2 is from “Scientists Locate Deep Origins of Hawaiian Hotspots,” press release 09-232, December 3, 2009, National Science Foundation.

Text 1
Wilson hypothesized that the distinctive linear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted from the Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle, located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat from this hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting the overriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surrounding solid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor, forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamount to grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.

Text 2
Combining the timing measurements from earthquakes recorded on many seismometers allowed scientists to construct a sophisticated 3-dimensional image of the Hawaiian mantle. In the upper mantle, the Hawaiian Islands are underlain by low shear-wave velocities, linked with hotter-than-average material from an upwelling plume. Low velocities continue down into the Earth’s transition zone, at 410 to 660 km depth, and extend even deeper into the Earth’s lower mantle down to at least 1,500 km depth.

Why would a three-dimensional image of the Hawaiian mantle in Text 2 be of significance to Wilson’s hypothesis about the Hawaiian Islands in Text 1?

Text 1 is from David Alpaugh, “The Professionalization of Poetry,” in Heavy Lifting, copyright © 2007 by Alehouse Press. Text 2 is from David Alpaugh, “What Poets Can Learn from Songwriters,” copyright © by 2011 David Alpaugh, copyright © 2011 Scene4 Magazine.

Text 1
Examples abound… . These excerpts [from “Doubt” by Fanny Howe] are part of a “prose poem” that goes on for four pages. Howe offers interesting insights in a style appropriate for a scholarly or critical journal. But it’s  hard to find any definition from Aristotle to the present that would admit such writing as poetry, certainly not under the term free verse or open form; for it has been the concern of responsible poets in those movements to
find nontraditional, personalized strategies for making poetry musical. “Poetry atrophies, when it gets too far from music,” Ezra Pound observes in his ABC of Reading.

Text 2
In Finishing the Hat, Stephen Sondheim zeroes in on the essential difference between the art of the lyricist and that of the poet: “Poetry doesn’t need music,” he writes, “lyrics do.” Poetry is the art of “concision,” written to stand on its own; lyrics, the art of “expansion,” written to
accommodate music. As defined by these two texts, what is the difference between a prose poem and a lyric in relationship to poetry?

Text 1 is from David Alpaugh, “The Professionalization of Poetry,” in Heavy Lifting, copyright © 2007 by Alehouse Press. Text 2 is from David Alpaugh, “What Poets Can Learn from Songwriters,” copyright © 2011 by David Alpaugh, copyright © 2011 Scene4 Magazine.

Text 1
The current popularity of the genre is attested to by Peter Johnson, editor of The Best of the Prose Poem: An International Journal. “I have read so many prose poems,” he complains, “that I feel as if a large gray eraser is squatting in the hollow of my head. I am not even sure what my criteria are, anymore.”

Text 2
Poets who want to achieve wider readership might consider the qualities that attract millions of intelligent men and women to their sister art [lyrics]. First in importance, the primary mission of the poem should be the same as the primary mission of the song: to make the listener want to hear the song again and again.

Based on the “primary mission” expressed in Text 2, Peter Johnson would probably agree with which of the following statements?