“Groundwater resources in the U.S., for instance, are often overused because of subsidies, a lack of tradable rights to water (‘use it or lose it’), and a lack of clear property rights to water tables. Overfishing in the oceans provides a better example. It is easy to imagine that cattle might be scarce, just as buffalo became scarce, if they were owned in common and were taken from one vast domain, rather than being privately owned on separateranches. While the exact analogue to barbed wire for fishing grounds in the ocean may be hard to conceive, assigning ownership rights to the ocean should not be much more difficult than assigning ownership rights to the radio frequency spectrum, as is currently being done throughout the world.” The implication is clear: _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
“There is much enthusiasm for ‘getting the incentives right.’ This produces nods of agreement on the general level, and furious disagreement about its specific application. ‘Getting the incentives right’ should mean chiefly assigning property rights to environmental goods, rather than using government power to set the ‘correct price’ for the use of a commonly held environmental good. Any so-called ‘market-based incentive’ policy that involves government setting the ‘correct price’ to establish a ‘level playing field’ is inherently flawed, because it misunderstands the nature of markets and prices. The government will always lack the necessary knowledge to set the ‘right’ price, and such policies will usually introduce new distortions into the marketplace that will likely be counterproductive and wasteful of resources.” Consequently, _________.
“Titan spends about 95 percent of the time within Saturn’s magnetosphere. But during a Cassini flyby on Dec. 1, 2013, the giant moon happened to be on the sunward side of Saturn when a powerful outburst of solar activity reached the planet. The strong surge in the solar wind so compressed the sun-facing side of Saturn’s magnetosphere that the bubble’s outer edge was pushed inside the orbit of Titan. This left the moon exposed to,and unprotected from, the raging stream of energetic solar particles.” These observations lead us to believe that _______.
“Using its magnetometer instrument, which is akin to an exquisitely sensitive compass, Cassini has observed Titan (Saturn’s largest moon) many times during the mission’s decade in the Saturn system, but always within Saturn’s magnetosphere. The spacecraft has not been able to detect a magnetic field coming from Titan itself. In its usual state, Titan is cloaked in Saturn’s magnetic field.” This circumstance therefore implies that________.
“First, the real Japanese-Japanese were rounded up… .Then the alien Japanese, the ones who had been in America for two, three, or even four decades… . And so, a few months after the seventh day of December of the year nineteen forty-one, the only Japanese left on the west coast of the United States was Matsusaburo Inabukuro who, while it has been forgotten whether he was Japanese-American or American-Japanese, pickedup an ‘I am Chinese’—not American or American- Chinese or Chinese-American but ‘I am Chinese’— button and got a job in a California shipyard.” The implications here are that wearing the button _______.
“Then, sometime in the early nineteenth century, it was realized by a few of the leading figures in medicine that almost all of the complicated treatments then available for disease did not really work, and the suggestion was made by several courageous physicians that most of themactually did more harm than good. Simultaneously, the surprising discovery was made that certain diseases were self-limited, got better by themselves, possessed a ‘natural history.’” The inference of calling the physicians “courageous” is that the author believes that it took courage for physicians to _______ .
“By now, the snowball was big enough to wipe out the rising sun. The big rising sun would take a little more time, but the little rising sun which was the Japanese in countless Japanese communities in the coastal states of Washington, Oregon, and California presented no problem. The whisking and transporting of Japanese and the construction of camps with barbed wire and ominous towers supporting fully armed soldiers in places like Idaho and Wyoming and Arizona, places which even Hollywood scorned for background, had become skills which demanded the utmost of America’s great organizing ability.” This “snowball” likely refers to _________.
“As anybody who has started a campfire by rubbing sticks knows, friction generates heat. Now, computer modeling by NASA scientists shows that friction could be the key to survival for some distant Earth-sized planets traveling in dangerous orbits.
“The findings are consistent with observations that Earth-sized planets appear to be very common in other star systems… .
“Simulations of young planetary systems indicate that giant planets often upset the orbits of smaller inner worlds. Even if those interactions aren’t immediately catastrophic, they can leave a planet in a treacherous eccentric orbit—a very elliptical course that raises the odds of crossing paths with another body, being absorbed by the host star, or getting ejected from the system.”
The author goes on to describe research centered on tidal stresses (producing friction and heat) on planets that can move some planets into safer (round) orbits. The implication of this research is that ______.
In this article, the author says, “If we assume that a transitional period of the life cycle, akin to adolescence, organized around puberty and of variable length, exists almost universally, the next question is what forms it takes and whether its features, too, are universal. Ethnographic research in Samoa conducted by anthropologist Margaret Mead brought the issue of cultural difference in the experience of adolescence to the fore.” After examining some of Mead’s work as well as studies by others, she concludes that “in summary, adolescence conceptualized as a prolonged period of identity development linked to increased autonomy, intergenerational conflict, peer-relatedness and social psychological anxieties, is not the norm across cultures. Indeed, these features seem to depend on degrees of individualism, social/economic role expectations, gender and class. A historical appreciation of adolescence as a category of science as well as cross-cultural investigations of the experience of adolescence demonstrates that characteristics associated with this developmental stage may not only have biological bases but also social and cultural origins.” These commentsimply that the author believes that _______.
Speaking of America, O’Sullivan wrote: “… our national birth was the beginning of a new history, the formation and progress of an untried political system, which separates us from the past and connects us with the future only; and so far as regards the entire development of the natural rights of man, in moral, political, and national life, we may confidently assume that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity. It is so destined because the principle upon which a nation is organized fixes its destiny, and that of equality is perfect, is universal. It presides in all the operations of the physical world, and it is also the conscious law of the soul—the self-evident dictates of morality, which accurately defines the duty of man to man, and consequently man’s rights as man. Besides, the truthful annals of any nation furnish abundant evidence that its happiness, its greatness, its duration, were always proportionate to the democratic equality in its system of government.” The author’s position on the future of America implies that _______.
“The innovations Socrates made were to use ordinary conversation as a method of teaching, and to act on one society only, … And he made the other fellow do most of the talking. He merely asked questions. But anyone who has watched a cross-examination in court knows that this is more difficult than making a prepared speech. Socrates questioned all sorts, from schoolboys to elderly capitalists, … average Athenians and famous visitors. It was incredibly difficult for him to adapt himself to so many different characters and outlooks, and yet we know that he did. Socrates looked ugly. He had good manners, but no aristocratic polish. Yet he was able to talk to the cleverest and the toughest minds of this age and to convince them that they knew no more than he did. His methods were, first, the modest declaration of his own ignorance—which imperceptibly flattered the other man and made him eager to explain to such an intelligent but naïve inquirer; second, his adaptability—which showed him the side of which each man could be best approached… .” Based on this description of Socrates, we can assume that, although not mentioned directly, he also had _______ .
“I hear John Dickinson saying: ‘It is not our duty to leave wealth to our children, but it is our duty to leave liberty to them. We have counted the cost of this contest, and we find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery.’ I see Samuel Adams, impoverished, living upon a pittance, hardly able to provide a decent coat for his back, rejecting with scorn the offer of a profitable office, wealth, a title even, to win him from his allegiance to thecause of America. I see Robert Morris, the wealthy merchant, opening his purse and pledging his credit to support the Revolution, and later devoting all his fortune and his energy to restore and establish the financial honor of the Republic, with the memorable words, ‘The United States may command all that I have, except my integrity.’” The inclusion of this quote from Robert Morris suggests that the author thinks Morris ___________.
This selection is from Suparna Choudhury, “Culturing the Adolescent Brain: What Can Neuroscience Learn from Anthropology?” in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2010.
“Cross-cultural researchers stress that the meanings of developmental tasks associated with adolescence such as the establishment of independence or autonomy may differ according to culture, and may be subject to change over time. For example, developing independence insome cultures may mean taking on duties to care for siblings or elders, and not necessarily separating from adults and orienting towards peers. Based on a study comparing five cultures that could be contrasted as ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ or ‘collectivistic’ and ‘individualistic,’ Trommsdorff suggested that ‘turbulent’ features such as intergenerational conflict stem from the focus on attaining independence from parents during this period and are linked to cultural values of individualism in Western societies.” Based on this premise, we can conclude that Trommsdorff would most likely agree that ______.
This passage is from Milton Friend, “Why Bother About Wildlife Disease?” from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1401, 2014.
In his article, Friend discusses the various challenges that arise from growing urban environments as they relate to the fauna and related diseases. He says, “Urban environments are important wildlife habitats and need to be managed in ways that benefit free-ranging wildlife. Furthermore, human attitudes towards wildlife will increasingly be shaped by human experiences in urban environments, because this is where most withinurbanized society now interface with wildlife. Thus, it is imperative that wildlife disease be adequately addressed in these environments so that wildlife continue to be cherished.” Consequently, we can conclude that he would likely agree that ________.
This selection is taken from “Scientists Locate Deep Origins of Hawaiian Hotspots,” press release 09-232, December 3, 2009, National Science Foundation.
“The seismometers were used to record the timing of seismic shear waves from large earthquakes around the world. This information was used to determine whether seismic waves travel more slowly through hot rock as they pass beneath Hawaii. Combining the timing measurements from earthquakes recorded on many seismometers allowed scientists to construct a sophisticated 3-dimensional image of the Hawaiian mantle. In the upper mantle, the Hawaiian Islands are underlain by low shear-wave velocities, linked with hotter-than-average material from an upwelling plume. Low velocities continue down into the Earth’s transition zone, at 410 to 660 km depth, and extend even deeper into the Earth’s lower mantle down to at least 1,500 km depth.” These earthquakes probably _________.